A history of modern iran in a radical reappraisal of irans modern history, ervand abrahamian traces its traumatic journey across the twentieth century, through the discoveryofoil,imperialinterventions,theruleofthepahlavis,and,in 1979, revolution and the birth of the islamic republic. Broad in its scope, this multidisciplinary volume brings together essays from leading scholars in iranian. Mossadegh in 1953, which ushered in the tough regime. Irans 1906 constitution and its supplement tavaana. Manual of the constitution of the united states 1874. Iran constitution of 1906 wikisource, the free online. The iranian constitutional revolution, 19061911 0th edition. The iranian constitution central intelligence agency. The iranian revolution past, present and future brought the safavids into direct conflict with the ottoman empire and led to two centuries of intermittent warfare between those two powerful states. He is often credited with the creation of the persian constitution, which he approved of as one of his final actions as shah. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran foundation.
A key figure in the iranian constitutional revolution. Constitution of 1906 included direct elections, separation of powers, laws made by an elected legislature. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran foundation for. Peace treaty between persia and russia in 1828, ended second russopersian war, seen as great loss of sovereignty for iran, iranians had to pay for russias war costs, undercut local production economy because of 5% maximum tariff, further restrictions to military, notion of externationality. The constitution, having regard to the islamic contents of the iranian revolution, which was a movement for the victory of all the oppressed over the arrogant, provides a basis for the continuation of that revolution both inside and outside the country.
In 1906, it forced the shah to grant iran a constitution and soon a parliament majlis was elected both firsts in the muslim world. In recent times the revolution of 1906, which led to a constitution and a parliament majles did not prevent the cycle from following its course. Manual of the constitution of the united states designed for the instruction of american youth in the duties, obligations, and rights of citizenship by israel ward andrews. Of course, there is no written constitution for either england proper or the united kingdom, so using it as a basis for a written constitution is substantially. Constitutional revolution iran oxford islamic studies online. The 1979 constitution dates 24 oct 1979 and is in force since 3 dec 1979. Sardar asad ii 18561917 was an iranian revolutionary, a leader of bakhtiari haft lang tribe, and one of the primary figures of the persian constitutional. Celebrating the constitutional revolution of 19051911 and the constitution of 1906. A history of iraq charles tripp school of oriental and african studies, university of london. Iran s 1906 constitution constitution and its supplement the fundamental law of persia promulgated in the reign of the late muzaffaruddin shah and ratified by him on dhulqada 14, a. Each morning as i awake, i rush to the television to find out if it has been taken. That force is just a step or a misstep away from war. Article 19 all people of iran, whatever the ethnic group or tribe to which they belong, enjoy equal rights. The safavid dynasty ruled iran until 1722, when an afghan army invaded the country and captured isfahan.
Aug 04, 2012 manual of the constitution of the united states designed for the instruction of american youth in the duties, obligations, and rights of citizenship by israel ward andrews. The iranian constitution51 articles in the funda mental law of 1906 and 107 articles in the supple mentary law of 1907was from the beginning an uneasy compromise between secular and religious interests. The constitutional revolution of 1906 opened the way for enormous change in persia, heralding the modern era and creating a model for later political and cultural movements in the region. Although the eight years iraniraq war, 19801988, with irreversible damages to built heritage, halted the process of development, the postwar reconstruction phase started at an accelerated pace, which created new threats to historic centres, archaeological sites and cultural. Nazeer ahmed, phd the constitutional revolution in persia was the first mass movement of the 20th century in the islamic world. Acquisition and organization of nonbook resources in. Constitutional revolution iran oxford islamic studies. Similarly, jews were barred by the constitution of 1906 from taking many governmentadministrative, political, military, and securitypositions for they constituted only a fraction of the population. The fundamental law of persia promulgated in the reign of the late muzaffaruddin shah and ratified by him on dhulqada 14, a. A key figure in the iranian constitutional revolution the conflict led to sit in the shah mosque and then at the holy shrine of abdolazim.
This sentiment caused the constitutional revolution. Majlis produced the iranian constitution that remained in effect, albeit largely ignored by the monarchs, until. There was a lot of constitutional monarchies in the west at that time. Iran constitution of 1906 wikisource, the free online library. Significant amendments were adopted on 28 july 1989. Celebrating the constitutional revolution of 19051911 and. Constitutional revolution during the early 1900s the only way to save country from government corruption and foreign manipulation was to make a written code of laws.
A history of modern iran cambridge university press. He is often credited with the creation of the persian constitution, which he approved of. The iranian constitution confidential rp 791 january 1979 approved for release 20020509. There had been a series of ongoing covert and overt activities against naser odin shahs despotic rule, for which many had lost their lives. A group of constitutionalist fighters who captured tehran from mohammd ali shah. Fundamental rights and citizen rights in islamic republic. Although the constitution of the islamic republic accords members of the recognised religious minorities the right to send their own representatives to parliament art. History of the iranian constitutional revolution, vol. The abdication of reza shah in 1942 was a great change, as was the fall of the prime minister dr. Ninety six years ago on 14 mordad, august 5, our forefathers and foremothers succeeded in wining a constitution, when mozzafar aldin shah qajar finally gave in to the demands of the. Excessive violence and the arrest of intellectuals and democrats by einoddowleh led to the immigration of scholars and religious students to qom and the sit in of businessmen at the british embassy in tehran.
Battle of the bulgefrance, belgium, netherlands, and germany each quadrangle sheet shows the position of the 12th army group and adjacent allied forces and of the german units for each day from dday 6 june 1944 thru 26 july 1945. It brought to the surface all the political and social currents that have shaped islamic history in the last centurynationalism, panislamism, the role of the ulema, international economic penetration, colonialism. Some historical and religious dimensions of the iranian. Policy and options congressional research service 2 the socalled hostage crisis that ended in january 1981 with the release of the hostages. The iranian constitution 51 articles in the funda mental law of 1906 and 107 articles in the supple mentary law of 1907was from the beginning an uneasy compromise between secular and religious interests.
Iran islamic republic ofs constitution of 1979 with. The most important model for the iranian constitutional laws of 19067 was the belgian constitution of 1831, although the framers of the iranian law had also consulted the french, bulgarian, and. Iran islamic republic ofs constitution of 1979 with amendments through 1989. The constitution has been called a hybrid of theocratic and democratic elements. Two major events marked the judicial history of iran during this period.
Was there any reason that belgium was particularly chosen as a model. The boer war 18991902 and the constitution granted to transvaal in 1906 aroused a similar response taqizada, 49 s. A comparative overview of the iranian constitutions of 1906. Establishing the state, 1947 1958 129 8 military takeover and the separation of east pakistan, 1958 1971 143 9 zulfikar ali bhutto, pakistan people s party, and.
Interestingly, it was based on the belgian constitution. A comparative overview of the iranian constitutions of. The constitution of islamic republic of iran iran chamber. News corp is a network of leading companies in the worlds of diversified media, news, education, and information services.
Further, the 1849 decision by denmark to base its constitution on those of belgium and norway reinforced the notion that it was a model constitution well suited for adaption elsewhere. From its inception in 1906 until 1979 when the constitution was formally abolished, time and again, the despotic kings mohammadali shah qajar, reza shah pahlavi and mohammad reza pahlavi continuously violated it. Constitution of iran constitutional background the former monarchy and the constitution of 1906 were abolished by the revolution of february 1979. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran advances the cultural, social, political, and economic institutions of iranian society based on islamic principles and norms, which represent an honest aspiration of the islamic ummah. Now the constitution of the islamic republic, as the announcement of the structure and political, social, cultural and economic relationships within society, must guide the way towards the consolidation of the foundations of islamic government, and produce the design for a new order of government in substitution for the old idolatrous order. Recommendations for the next president alex vatanka mei policy focus 201617 middle east institute policy focus series july 2016 the next u. Aug 02, 2016 a key figure in the iranian constitutional revolution the conflict led to sit in the shah mosque and then at the holy shrine of abdolazim. Constitutional revolution iran iranian revolution, 1905 11, caused by dissatisfaction with economic stagnation, influence of western power, and results of the russojapanese war of 1904 05 and the russian revolution of 1905. A thoroughly researched and highly detailed account of the formation of irans first constitution, ratified on december 30, 1906, just a week before the death of muzffar aldin shah. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran wikipedia. The intent was to set up a constitutional monarchy with power held by a parliament and chosen ministers. It provided strict limitations on royal power, an elected parliament, or majles, with wide powers to represent the people, and a government with a cabinet subject to confirmation by the majles. It divides into five chapters with many articles that developed over several years.
First term october 7th, 1906 june 23rd, 1908 the most important task undertaken by the first majlis was drafting and ratification of the constitution on december 30th, 1906. A short history of japan from samurai to sony curtis andressen m4. In october 1906 an elected assembly convened and drew up a constitution. Irans constitutional revolution of 1906 and narratives of. The supplementary fundamental laws of october 7, 1907. The constitutional revolution in persia 1906 history of islam. Ciardp80t00942a000600otial fore, assessment center recqrd copy roturtt to ppjr38. The constitutional revolution of iran in 1906 resulted in a constitution that established a parliament and a constitutional monarchy. Irans 1906 constitution constitution and its supplement the fundamental law of persia promulgated in the reign of the late muzaffaruddin shah and ratified by him on dhulqada 14, a. The constitutional revolution in persia 1906 history. Apr 16, 2019 the bases of the persian constitution, namely, 9. Irans 1906 constitution foundation for iranian studies.
The 1906 constitution was a major achievement despite many of its shortcomings. By then there was already unambiguous evidence indi. For this reason, the constitution of islamic republic of iran, have devoted many of its rights and freedoms to the individual, social, judicial and public security accounts. The following 61 files are in this category, out of 61 total. Russians not subject to iranian tax or law, guarantees russian support to the qajar dynasty.
The form of government of iran is that of an islamic republic, endorsed by the people of iran on the basis of their longstanding belief in the sovereignty of truth and quranic justice, in the referendum of farvardin 9 and 10 in the year 58 of the solar islamic calendar, corresponding to jamadi alawwal 1 and 2 in the year 99 of the lunar islamic calendar march 29 and 30. Law based on the unwritten works deposit dated 1999 passed by the meeting of the hccr1 441 all producers of governmental and nongovernmental agencies must deliver two copies of nonwritten works to the national library. The early iranian constitution of 1906 1907 was also not devoid of. Ahmad kasravi s history of the iranian constitutional revolution chronicles this event and the ensuing struggles. On october 17th, 1907 it drafted and ratified the constitutional amendments. The first majlis were created as a result in 1906, granting power to popularclass guilds. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran is a declaration of the social, cultural, political, and economic foundations of the iranian society based on islamic principles and norms that re. Revolution in which the majlis were forced to write a constitution and have elected offices.